The taxpayer (“BlackBerry”), which in its 2010 taxation year generated $8 billion in sales of smartphones to BlackBerry US, which on-sold them, had acquired four US companies (the “US Affiliates”) so that it could benefit from their IP and from the tech expertise and services of their employees, who mostly remained in the US. The US Affiliates charged fees to BlackBerry for R&D services on a cost plus 8% basis, and BlackBerry provided service of greater value to the US Affiliates.