Before finding the preparer's penalty under s. 163.3(4) is not a criminal penalty so that the preparer does not benefit from procedural protections under s. 11 of the Charter, Rothstein J quoted the culpable conduct definition and stated (at paras. 58, 61):
"[W]ilful, reckless or wanton disregard of the law" refers to concepts well-known to the law, commonly encountered as degrees of mens rea in criminal law… . The use of such terms evinces a clear intention that "culpable conduct" be a more exacting standard than simple negligence. …
…[T]he standard must be at least as high as gross negligence under s. 163(2)… .
See summary under s. 163.2(4).